Unit-3: Chp-2: Friction
PHYSICXION:Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact. Friction is not well understood still. The exact mechanism
Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact. Friction is not well understood still. The exact mechanisms that cause friction are still being debated by scientists.
The historical development of friction can be traced back to ancient times. The first known writings on friction were by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BCE. Aristotle believed that friction was caused by the interlocking of the microscopic roughnesses on the surfaces of two objects.
In the 17th century, the French physicist Guillaume Amontons conducted experiments on friction and developed three laws of friction. Amontons' laws state that:
Amontons' laws are still valid today and are the basis for our understanding of friction.
In the 18th century, the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb conducted further experiments on friction and developed a more accurate mathematical model of friction. Coulomb's model takes into account the effects of surface roughness and the sliding velocity.
Coulomb's model is still used today to calculate the force of friction in many engineering applications.
In the 20th century, scientists developed a more sophisticated understanding of the microscopic mechanisms that cause friction. They found that friction is caused by a combination of factors, including the interlocking of microscopic roughnesses, the adhesion of the two surfaces, and the deformation of the surfaces.
The study of friction is still an active area of research, and scientists are still learning new things
CLASS NOTES :
Here full Class Notes Pdfs are attached, which will help you to score well in the exam.
NOTE-1: Theory of Friction.
NOTE-2: Solved Numerical (Easy and moderate level descriptive problems)
Look at the contents:
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A brief view of its history:
The historical development of friction can be traced back to ancient times. The first known writings on friction were by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BCE. Aristotle believed that friction was caused by the interlocking of the microscopic roughnesses on the surfaces of two objects.
In the 17th century, the French physicist Guillaume Amontons conducted experiments on friction and developed three laws of friction. Amontons' laws state that:
1. The force of friction is directly proportional to the normal force pressing the two surfaces together.
2. The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact between the two surfaces.
3. The force of friction is independent of the sliding velocity between the two surfaces.
Amontons' laws are still valid today and are the basis for our understanding of friction.
In the 18th century, the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb conducted further experiments on friction and developed a more accurate mathematical model of friction. Coulomb's model takes into account the effects of surface roughness and the sliding velocity.
Coulomb's model is still used today to calculate the force of friction in many engineering applications.
In the 20th century, scientists developed a more sophisticated understanding of the microscopic mechanisms that cause friction. They found that friction is caused by a combination of factors, including the interlocking of microscopic roughnesses, the adhesion of the two surfaces, and the deformation of the surfaces.
The study of friction is still an active area of research, and scientists are still learning new things
about how friction works. However, The basic principles of friction that were developed by
Amontons, Coulomb, and others in the 17th and 18th centuries are still valid today.
Some of the key events in the historical development of friction:
- 4th century BCE: Aristotle writes about friction17th century: Guillaume Amontons develops three laws of friction.
- 18th century: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb developed a more accurate mathematical model of friction.
- 20th century: Scientists develop a more sophisticated understanding of the microscopic mechanisms of friction.
Interesting Facts:
- The force of friction can be affected by the temperature of the surfaces. However, this effect is only significant when the surfaces are very hot.
- Friction can generate static electricity. When two surfaces are rubbed together, electrons can be transferred from one surface to the other, creating a static charge.
- Friction can be used to generate heat. When two surfaces rub together, the frictional force can cause the surfaces to heat up. This is how matches work, for example.
- Friction can be used to create a seal. When two surfaces are rubbed together, they can become interlocked, creating a seal that prevents fluids from leaking. This is how piston rings in engines work.
- Friction can be used to slow down objects. When brakes are applied to a car, the friction between the brake pads and the rotors slows down the car.
- Friction can be used to start fires. When two dry sticks are rubbed together, the frictional force can cause the sticks to heat up enough to start a fire.
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CLASS NOTES :
Here full Class Notes Pdfs are attached, which will help you to score well in the exam.
NOTE-1: Theory of Friction.
NOTE-2: Solved Numerical (Easy and moderate level descriptive problems)
Look at the contents:
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| NOTE-2 |
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NOTE-2  |
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